挑選(xuan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)避(bi)(bi)(bi)雷器時要考慮自身(shen)防(fang)暫態過電壓能量，這(zhe)是(shi)因為氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)避(bi)(bi)(bi)雷器有自身(shen)過電壓保(bao)護的問題。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)避(bi)(bi)(bi)雷器各種(zhong)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)避(bi)(bi)(bi)雷器的泄流性能、保護連續性(xing)(xing)、空地特性(xing)(xing)等優缺點及其特性(xing)(xing)，剖(pou)析氧化(hua)鋅避雷器(qi)運用中工作工況(kuang)的監測情況(kuang)。

1.運用中的問題(ti)討論(lun)

1.1氧化鋅避雷器自身過電壓(ya)防護(hu)問題

氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鋅(xin)避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)是過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，其自(zi)身仍存在(zai)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)防護(hu)(hu)問題。關于能(neng)(neng)量(liang)有限(xian)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)如雷(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和操(cao)作過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鋅(xin)避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)泄流能(neng)(neng)起(qi)限(xian)壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)作用。對能(neng)(neng)量(liang)是無限(xian)（有彌補動(dong)力(li)）的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，如暫(zan)(zan)態過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)（工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和諧振過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)總稱(cheng)(cheng)），其頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)或為(wei)工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)或為(wei)工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)整數倍(bei)或分數倍(bei)，與工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)總有合拍(pai)的(de)(de)時分，如因某(mou)些(xie)原因此激起(qi)暫(zan)(zan)態過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，工(gong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源能(neng)(neng)自(zi)動(dong)彌補過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)，即使氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鋅(xin)避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)泄流過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)幅值不(bu)衰減(jian)或只弱衰減(jian)，暫(zan)(zan)態過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)假(jia)設進入氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鋅(xin)避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)作區(qu)，必定(ding)長時重復動(dong)作直至(zhi)熱潰散，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鋅(xin)避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)損壞(huai)爆炸，因此暫(zan)(zan)態過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鋅(xin)避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)有喪命危害。假(jia)設已將悉數暫(zan)(zan)態過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)限(xian)定(ding)在(zai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)死(si)區(qu)內不(bu)受(shou)其危害的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鋅(xin)避(bi)(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)，稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)暫(zan)(zan)態過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)承受(shou)能(neng)(neng)力(li)強，反之(zhi)稱(cheng)(cheng)暫(zan)(zan)態過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)承受(shou)性能差。碳化硅(gui)氧(yang)化鋅避雷器暫態(tai)過電壓承受性能強，但(dan)因為工作(zuo)中動作(zuo)特性安(an)穩性差(cha)，常(chang)因沖擊放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)壓（保(bao)護動作(zuo)區開始(shi)電(dian)壓）值下降，仍或許遭受(shou)暫(zan)態過電(dian)壓危害。無空地氧(yang)化鋅(xin)氧(yang)化鋅(xin)避雷(lei)器因其(qi)拐點電(dian)壓（可近似地把參閱電(dian)壓當作(zuo)拐點電(dian)壓）偏低，僅2.21～2.56Uxg（最大相電壓），而有些暫態(tai)過電壓最大值達2.5～3.5Uxg，故有(you)暫態過電壓(ya)承受能差的(de)缺點。對(dui)暫態過電壓(ya)危害有(you)效(xiao)防護辦法是加結構功能安穩的(de)串(chuan)聯空地將悉數暫態過電壓(ya)限(xian)定在保護死區內，使氧(yang)化(hua)鋅避雷器免受其危害。串(chuan)聯空地氧(yang)化(hua)鋅氧(yang)化(hua)鋅避雷器有(you)此獨具(ju)利益(yi)。

1.2氧化鋅避雷器(qi)自身對電力系統(tong)不(bu)安全影響

保(bao)(bao)護(hu)空(kong)地(di)和管型(xing)氧(yang)化(hua)鋅(xin)避(bi)雷器在空(kong)地(di)擊穿后，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)回(hui)路(lu)再也沒有限流元件(jian)，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)動作(zuo)都要構成接(jie)地(di)缺(que)點或相間短(duan)路(lu)缺(que)點，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)作(zuo)用增多電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)缺(que)點率，影響電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)的正常、安全工作(zuo)。運用氧(yang)化(hua)鋅(xin)氧(yang)化(hua)鋅(xin)避(bi)雷器，從根本(ben)上(shang)避(bi)免保(bao)(bao)護(hu)作(zuo)用發(fa)生接(jie)地(di)缺(que)點或相間短(duan)路(lu)缺(que)點，且(qie)不用自(zi)動重(zhong)合閘(zha)設備就能削減線路(lu)雷害停電(dian)事(shi)端(duan)。

1.3氧化鋅避雷(lei)器其連(lian)續雷(lei)電沖擊保護(hu)性能

有(you)時(shi)高壓電(dian)力設備或許遭受連(lian)續(xu)雷電(dian)沖擊，連(lian)續(xu)雷電(dian)沖擊是指兩次雷電(dian)入(ru)侵波間隔時(shi)間僅數百μs至數千μs，間(jian)隔時間(jian)極短(duan)。碳(tan)化硅氧化鋅避雷器(qi)保護動作既(ji)泄(xie)放(fang)雷電流(liu)也泄(xie)放(fang)工頻續流(liu)，切斷續流(liu)時耗(hao)最大達(da)10000μs，一次保(bao)護循(xun)環時間(jian)要(yao)遠大于10000μs性能(neng)恢復(fu)到可進行(xing)再次動作性能，故碳化(hua)硅氧化(hua)鋅避雷器沒(mei)有連續雷電沖(chong)擊保護性能。氧化鋅(xin)氧化鋅(xin)避(bi)雷(lei)器保護(hu)動作(zuo)只(zhi)泄(xie)(xie)放雷(lei)電流(liu)，雷(lei)電流(liu)泄(xie)(xie)放（小于100μs）結束，當即恢(hui)復到(dao)可(ke)進行再次動作(zuo)性能，故氧化鋅(xin)氧化鋅(xin)避雷(lei)器具有連續雷(lei)電沖擊保護性能。

1.4工頻動力(li)的(de)浪費

只注(zhu)重防雷(lei)器(qi)(qi)材泄放雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的限（降）壓(ya)保護(hu)作用，輕視或(huo)忽視有(you)些器(qi)(qi)材一起泄放工頻電(dian)(dian)流(liu)浪(lang)費動力作用。保護(hu)空地或(huo)管型氧化鋅避雷(lei)器(qi)(qi)保護(hu)動作或(huo)許伴隨短路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)（幾(ji)kA至幾十(shi)kA）對地放(fang)電，碳化(hua)(hua)硅氧化(hua)(hua)鋅避雷器(qi)保護(hu)動作有工(gong)頻續流（氧化(hua)(hua)鋅避雷器(qi)FS型為(wei)50A，FZ型為80A，FCD型為250A）對地放電，而(er)構成(cheng)動(dong)力(li)浪費(fei)，運(yun)用氧(yang)化鋅(xin)氧(yang)化鋅(xin)避(bi)雷器可徹(che)底避(bi)免(mian)保護作用帶來的工頻(pin)動(dong)力(li)浪費(fei)。

2.氧化鋅(xin)避雷器(qi)保(bao)護(hu)特性(xing)

2.1氧化鋅避雷器的保護特(te)性參數(shu)

各種(zhong)類(lei)型的氧化鋅避雷(lei)(lei)器(qi)在同用(yong)處同電(dian)(dian)壓級時，其(qi)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)殘壓參(can)數(shu)相同或挨近，這(zhe)是(shi)因為各生產廠都是(shi)按(an)國標規矩決(jue)議殘壓值(zhi)的。有人認為已(yi)然(ran)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)殘壓值(zhi)相同，它們的保護作用(yong)和作用(yong)也應(ying)是(shi)相同的，隨(sui)意選用(yong)哪種(zhong)類(lei)型都可以。這(zhe)是(shi)一種(zhong)成見(jian)，因為除(chu)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)殘壓外，還(huan)有其(qi)它保護參(can)數(shu)，如工頻放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)，沖擊放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)，是(shi)調查避雷(lei)(lei)器(qi)暫態過電(dian)(dian)壓承(cheng)受性(xing)能，保證(zheng)其長時間(jian)正常工作的參(can)數(shu)；又如是否有雷電陡波殘壓(ya)值(zhi)，是標示(shi)氧(yang)化鋅(xin)(xin)避(bi)雷器防(fang)雷保護(hu)功用徹(che)底的重要(yao)參(can)數(shu)。概括來看，只有串聯空地(di)氧(yang)化鋅(xin)(xin)氧(yang)化鋅(xin)(xin)避(bi)雷器齊備上述保護(hu)特性參(can)數(shu)，也就是說它(ta)有徹(che)底的防(fang)護(hu)功用。

2.2氧化(hua)鋅避雷器動(dong)作特性(xing)工(gong)作安(an)穩性(xing)

碳化(hua)硅氧化(hua)鋅避雷(lei)器保護動(dong)作(zuo)要泄放雷(lei)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)和(he)工頻續(xu)流(liu)(liu)，動(dong)作(zuo)負載重，每次動(dong)作(zuo)泄放雷(lei)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)為0.04～0.07C電荷量，工頻(pin)續流(liu)為0.5～2.5C電荷量，后者(zhe)與前(qian)者(zhe)比較一般為(wei)11～17倍(bei)，且(qie)其空(kong)地(di)(di)數量多隙距，常因動(dong)作負載重(zhong)使部分(fen)空(kong)地(di)(di)燒毛燒損，另外瓷套外殼臟污濕潤(run)也會影響內空(kong)地(di)(di)電(dian)容(rong)分(fen)布，這些都或許(xu)使部分(fen)空(kong)地(di)(di)失效而(er)降低沖(chong)擊放電(dian)電(dian)壓值，即動(dong)作特性(xing)安穩性(xing)差(cha)，或許(xu)添加保護(hu)動(dong)作頻度，或遭受暫態過電(dian)壓危(wei)害，而(er)加速損壞。串聯空(kong)地(di)(di)氧化鋅氧化鋅避(bi)雷(lei)器(qi)保護(hu)動(dong)作只(zhi)泄放雷(lei)電(dian)流而(er)無續流，動(dong)作負載輕(qing)，空(kong)地(di)(di)不需具有滅弧及切斷(duan)續流性能(neng)，故空地數量特少，3～10kV氧化鋅避雷器僅一(yi)個空地，35kV氧化鋅避雷器為3個空(kong)(kong)地串(chuan)聯，空(kong)(kong)地的工頻放電(dian)電(dian)壓值(zhi)與(yu)碳化(hua)硅(gui)氧(yang)化(hua)鋅(xin)避(bi)雷(lei)器相同，符合GB7327規矩，故(gu)空地(di)隙距大，動作特性(xing)可堅持(chi)長時間工作安穩。

2.3串聯空地(di)氧化鋅(xin)氧化鋅(xin)避雷器

碳(tan)化硅氧化鋅避雷(lei)器因其(qi)空地結(jie)構（隙距小，數量(liang)多）帶來一些缺(que)點：如沒有(you)雷(lei)電(dian)陡波保護功用；沒有(you)連續(xu)雷(lei)電(dian)沖擊保護性(xing)能；動(dong)作(zuo)特性(xing)安(an)穩差或許(xu)遭受暫態過(guo)電(dian)壓(ya)危(wei)害；動(dong)作(zuo)負載重(zhong)壽命(ming)短等。無空地(di)氧化鋅氧化鋅避(bi)雷器因其拐點電(dian)壓(ya)較低，有暫態過(guo)電(dian)壓(ya)承受性(xing)能差，損壞(huai)爆(bao)炸(zha)率高和壽命(ming)短等(deng)缺點(dian)。串聯空地氧化鋅氧化鋅避雷器既有空地又用ZnO閥片(pian)，其(qi)空地(di)(di)結(jie)構(gou)不同(tong)于碳化(hua)硅(gui)氧化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)避雷(lei)(lei)器，因其(qi)空地(di)(di)數(shu)量少(shao)，當過電壓到(dao)達沖擊(ji)放電電壓時空地(di)(di)無時延擊(ji)穿，一起因隙距大動作特性安穩，故它可避免碳化(hua)硅(gui)氧化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)避雷(lei)(lei)器空地(di)(di)帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)悉(xi)數(shu)缺(que)點(dian)。串聯空地(di)(di)氧化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)氧化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)避雷(lei)(lei)器的(de)空地(di)(di)已將悉(xi)數(shu)暫(zan)態過電壓限定(ding)在(zai)保護(hu)死區內免受(shou)其(qi)危害，故它可避免無空地(di)(di)氧化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)氧化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)避雷(lei)(lei)器因拐點(dian)電壓偏低帶(dai)來(lai)悉(xi)數(shu)缺(que)點(dian)。串聯空地(di)(di)氧化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)氧化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)避雷(lei)(lei)器仍有(you)前兩種氧化(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)避雷(lei)(lei)器保護(hu)功能利(li)益，而(er)避免它們的(de)缺(que)點(dian)。

2.4氧化鋅避(bi)雷器工作工況(kuang)監(jian)測

氧(yang)化鋅(xin)避雷器(qi)失(shi)效的主要(yao)特(te)征(zheng)是泄露電流(liu)增大，工(gong)作(zuo)中不(bu)易發現，有或許長(chang)時帶(dai)病工(gong)作(zuo)，致使擴展(zhan)事端，故(gu)有必要(yao)督查其工(gong)作(zuo)工(gong)況。碳化硅(gui)避雷缺少督查手(shou)法(fa)，靠每年守時普遍測驗挑(tiao)選(xuan)挑(tiao)選(xuan)這樣作(zuo)得不(bu)償失(shi)，還不(bu)能隨時除掉失(shi)效品。氧(yang)化鋅(xin)氧(yang)化鋅(xin)避雷器(qi)可附帶(dai)脫離器(qi)，當(dang)其失(shi)效損壞時，脫離器(qi)自動動作(zuo)（30mA時不大(da)于8min）退出(chu)工(gong)作，以(yi)免構(gou)成更大損失和(he)事端，提高工(gong)作安全可靠性(xing)。